Advances in Uniform Experimental Designs: A Decade Selective Review of Algorithmic Search and Deterministic Construction Methods
Abstract
This paper presents a comprehensive and selective review of the last decade's progress in the construction of uniform experimental designs. Confronting the growing complexity of modern experiments—characterized by high-dimensional factor spaces and constrained resources—recent research has produced promising methods tools for constructing efficient, cost-effective designs. The review is organized around three pivotal themes:
(1) enhanced stochastic search algorithms, including adjusted threshold accepting and permutation-projection methods, for constructing (nearly) uniform minimum aberration designs, supported by benchmarks that reduce computational search;
(2) frameworks for constructing uniform fold-over designs in two-stage sequential experimentations, enabling the breaking of aliasing structures across symmetric and asymmetric designs; and
(3) deterministic construction algorithms—such as multiple doubling, tripling, and quadrupling, and their integration—for efficiently generating large-scale uniform designs with low, high, or mixed levels without exhaustive search.
Collectively, these advances offer researchers a robust, computationally efficient, and theoretically coherent toolkit for designing experiments across scientific and industrial domains, representing a substantial leap beyond conventional methodologies. A critical discussion and comparative analysis of the reviewed methods are also provided, along with practical recommendations for implementation.
Downloads
References
[1] Huang H., Liu M.Q., Tan M.T., and Fang H.B. (2023). Design and modeling for drug combination experiments with order effects. Statistics in Medicine 42(9):1353-1367
[2] Mohamed H.S., Elsawah A.M., Shao Y.B., Wu C.S., and Bakri M. (2023). Analysis on the shear failure of HSS S690-CWGs via mathematical modeling. Engineering Failure Analysis 143(A):106881
[3] Iyer A., Yerramilli S., Rondinelli J.M., Apley D.W., and Chen W. (2022). Descriptor ided Bayesian optimization for many-level qualitative variables with materials design applications. J Mechanical Design 145
[4] Striegel C., Biehler J., Wall W.A., and Kauermann G. (2022). A multifidelity function-on-function model applied to an abdominal aortic aneurysm. Technometrics 112
[5] Prasath B.B., Elsawah A.M., Liyuan Z., and Poon K. (2021). Modeling and optimization of the effect of abiotic stressors on the productivity of the biomass, chlorophyll, and lutein in microalgae Chlorella pyrenoidosa. J Agriculture and Food Research 5:100163
[6] Zhang W., Wang X., and Po Y.P. (2021). A new design of the continual reassessment method. Commun Stat Simul Comput 50(7): 2015-2024
[7] Mak S., Sung C.L., Wang X., Yeh S.T., Chang Y.H., Joseph V.R., Yang V., and Wu C.J. (2018). An efficient surrogate
model for emulation and physics extraction of large eddy simulations. American Statistical Association 113:1443-1456
[8] JohnsonM.E.,MooreL.M.,andYlvisakerD.(1990).Mini max and maximin distance designs .J Statist Plann Inference 26:131-148
[9] Joseph V.R. (2016). Space-filling designs for computer experiments: A review. Quality Engineering: 28, 28-35
[10] Fang K.T. (1980). The uniform designs: Application of number-theoretic methods in experimental design. Acta
Mathematicae Applicatae Sinica 3:363-372
[11] Fang KT., and Zhou Y. (2025). Uniform experimental design. In: Lovric, M. (eds) International Encyclopedia of
Statistical Science. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
[12] Fang K.T., Liu M.Q., Qin H., and Zhou Y.D. (2018). Theory and application of uniform experimental designs. Springer, Singapore
[13] Fang K.T., and Li R. (2006). Uniform design for computer experiments and its optimal properties. International J of
Materials and Product Technology 25(1/2/3): 198-210.
[14] Simpson T.W., Lin D.K.J., and Chen W. (2001). Sampling strategies for computer experiments: Design and analysis.
International J of Reliability and Applications 2(3):209-240
[15] Santner T.J., Williams B.J., and Notz W.I. (2018). The design and analysis of computer experiments (2nd ed.). Springer
[16] Elsawah A.M. Fang K.T., and Deng Y.H. (2021). Some interesting behaviors of good lattice point sets. Commun Stat
Simul Comput 50(11): 3650–3668
[17] Wu C.F.J., and Hamada M. (2000). Experiments: Planning, Analysis and Parameter Design Optimization. Wiley, New York
[18] Mukerjee R., and Wu C.F.J. (2006). A Modern Theory of Factorial Designs. Springer, New York
[19] Xu H., Phoa F.K.H., and Wong W.K. (2009). Recent developments in non-regular fractional factorial designs. Statistics Surveys 3:18-46
[20] FangK.T., andHickernellF.J. (1995). The uniform design andits applications. Bulletin of the International Statistical
Institute 1:333-49
[21] McKay M.D., Beckman R.J., and Conover W.J. (1979). A comparison of three methods for selecting values of input
variables in the analysis of output from a computer code. Technometrics 21:239-245
[22] Fang K.T., and Mukerjee R. (2000). A connection between uniformity and aberration in regular fractions of two-level
factorials. Biometrika 87:93-198
[23] Fang K.T., Ma C.X. and Mukerjee R. (2002). Uniformity in fractional factorials. In K. T. Fang, F. J. Hickernell, &
H. Niederreiter (Eds.), Monte Carlo and Quasi-Monte Carlo methods in scientific computing. Springer, Berlin.
[24] Fang K.T., Lu X., and Winker P. (2003). Lower bounds for centered and wrap-around ????2-discrepancies and
construction of uniform designs by threshold accepting. J Complexity 19:692-711
[25] Qin H., Zhang S.L., and Fang K.T. (2006). Constructing uniform design with two- or three-level. Acta Math Sci Ser
B 26:451-459
[26] Chatterjee K., Li Z.,and Qin H. (2012). Some new lower bounds to centered and wrap-round ????2-discrepancies. Statist
Probab Lett 82:1367-1373.
[27] Fang K.T., Maringer D., Tang Y., and Winker P. (2005). Lower bounds and stochastic optimization algorithms for
uniform designs with three or four levels. Math Comp 75:859-878
[28] Fang K.T., Tang Y., and Yin X.J. (2008). Lower bounds of various criteria in experimental designs. J Statist Plann
Inference 138:184-195
[29] Jones B., Moyer K.A., and Goos P. (2021). A-optimal versus D-optimal design of screening experiments. J Quality
Technology 53(4):369-381
[30] Ba S., Myers W.R., and Brenneman W.A. (2015). Optimal sliced Latin hypercube designs. Technometrics
57(4):479-87
[31] Vazquez A.R., and Xu H. (2024). An integer programming algorithm for constructing maximin distance designs
from good lattice point sets. Stat Sin 34. Advance online publication. doi: 10.5705/ss.202021.0362.
[32] Xiao Q., and Xu H. (2017). Construction of maximin distance Latin squares and related Latin hypercube designs.
Biometrika 104(2):455-464
[33] Zhou Y. D., and Xu H. (2015). Space-filling properties of good lattice point sets. Biometrika 102(4):959-966
[34] Xu H., and Wu C.F.J. (2001). Generalized minimum aberration for asymmetrical fractional factorial designs. Ann
Statist 29:549-560
[35] Ma C.X., and Fang K.T. (2001). A note on generalized aberration in factorial designs. Metrika 53: 85-93
[36] Tang B., and Deng L.Y. (1999). Minimum G2-aberration for non-regular fractional factorial designs. Ann Statist
27:1914-1926
[37] Xu H., and Wu C.F.J. (2001). Generalized minimum aberration for asymmetrical fractional factorial designs. Ann
Statist 29:549-560
[38] Hedayat A.S., Sloane N.J., and Stufken J. (1999). Orthogonal Arrays: Theory and Application. Springer, Berlin
[39] Bingham D., Sitter R.R., and Tang B. (2009). Orthogonal and nearly orthogonal designs for computer experiments.
Biometrika 96:51-65
[40] Pang F., Liu M.Q., and Lin D.K.J. (2009). A construction method for orthogonal latin hypercube designs with prime
power levels. Stat Sin 19:1721-1728
[41] Lu X., Fang K.T., Xu Q.F., and Yin J.X. (2002). Balance pattern and BP-optimal factorial designs. Technical Report
324, Hong Kong Baptist University.
[42] Zhang A., Fang K.T., Li R., and Sudjianto A. (2005). Majorization framework for balanced lattice designs. Ann Stat
33(6):2837-2853
[43] Liu M.Q., Fang K.T., and Hickernell F.J. (2006). Connection among different criteria for asymmetrical fractional
factorial designs. Statistica Sinica 16:1285–297
[44] Wang Y., and Fang K.T. (1981). A note on uniform distribution and experimental design. Chin Sci Bull 26:485-489.
[45] Fang K.T., Lin D.K.J., Winker P., and Zhang Y. (2000). Uniform design: theory and application. Technometrics
42:237-248
[46] LiangY.Z.,FangK.T.,andXuQ.S.(2001). Uniform design and its applications in chemistry and chemical engineering.
Chemom Intell Lab Syst 58:43-57
[47] Fang K.T., Li R.Z., Sudjianto A. (2006). Design and modeling for computer experiments. Chapman and Hall/CRC, New York
[48] Xu Q.S., Xu Y.D., Li L., and Fang K.T. (2018). Uniform experimental design in chemometrics. J Chemom 32:1-10
[49] Weyl, H. (1916). über die Gleichverteilung der Zahlem mod eins. Math Ann 77: 313-352.
[50] Warnock T.T. (1972). Computational investigations of low discrepancy point sets. In Applications of Number Theory
to Numerical Analysis, ed. S. K. Zaremba, 319–43. Academic Press, New York.
[51] Hickernell F.J. (1998). A generalized discrepancy and quadrature error bound. Math Comp 67: 299-322
[52] Hickernell F.J. (1998). Lattice rules: how well do they measure up? In: Hellekalek, P., Larcher, G. (Eds.), Random
and Quasi-Random Point Sets. In: Lecture notes in Statistics, vol. 138. Springer, New York, pp. 109-166.
[53] Qin H., and Fang K.T. (2004). Discrete discrepancy in factorial designs. Metrika 60:59-72.
[54] Zhou Y.D., Ning J.H., and Song X.B. (2008). Lee discrepancy and its applications in experimental designs. Stat
Probab Lett 78:1933-1942
[55] Zhou Y.D., Fang K.F., and Ning J.H. (2013). Mixture discrepancy for quasi-random point sets. J Complexity
29:283-301.
[56] Androulakis E., Drosou K., Koukouvinos C., and ZhouY.D.(2016). Measuresof uniformity in experimental designs:
Aselective overview. Commun Stat Theo Meth 45(13): 3782-3806
[57] Kirkpatrick S., Gelatt C.D., and Vecchi M.P. (1983). Optimization by simulated annealing. Science
220(4598):671-680
[58] Winker P., and Fang K.T. (1998). Optimal U-type design, in: Monte Carlo and Quasi-Monte Carlo
Methods1996,Vol.436–448 Springer
[59] Fang K.T., Ke X., and Elsawah A.M. (2017). Construction of uniform designs via an adjusted threshold accepting
algorithm. J Complexity 43:28-37
[60] Elsawah A.M., and Qin H. (2014). Lower bound of centered ????2-discrepancy for four levels ????-type designs. Statist
Probab Lett 93:65-71
[61] Elsawah A.M., and Qin H. (2015). Mixture discrepancy on symmetric balanced designs. Statist Probab Lett
104:123-132
[62] KeX.,ZhangR.,andYeH.J.(2015).Two-andthree-levellowerboundsformixture ????2-discrepancyandconstruction
of uniform designs by threshold accepting. J Complexity 31(5):741-753
[63] Elsawah A.M., and Qin H. (2015). Lower bound of centered ????2-discrepancy for mixed two and three levels ????-type
designs. J Statist Plann Inference 161:1–11
[64] Elsawah A.M., and Qin H. (2016). Asymmetric uniform designs based on mixture discrepancy. J Applied Statistics
43 (12):2280-2294
[65] ElsawahA.M.,FangK.T., HeP.andQinH.(2021).Sharplowerboundsofvariousuniformitycriteriaforconstructing
uniform designs. Stat Pap 62(1):461-1482
[66] Elsawah A.M. (2019). Constructing optimal router bit life sequential experimental designs: new results with a case
study. Commun Stat Simul Comput 48 (3):723-752
[67] Elsawah A.M. (2018). Choice of optimal second stage designs in two-stage experiments. Computational Statistics
33 (2):933–965
[68] ElsawahA.M.(2019).DesigninguniformcomputersequentialexperimentswithmixturelevelsusingLeediscrepancy.
J Syst Sci Complex 32:681-708
[69] Elsawah A.M., and Fang K.T. (2020). New foundations for designing U-optimal follow-up experiments with flexible
levels. Stat Pap 61(2):823–849
[70] Tang Y., Xu H., and Lin D.K.J. (2012). Uniform fractional factorial designs. Ann Stat 40:891-907
[71] Tang Y., and Xu H. (2013). An effective construction method for multi-level uniform designs. J Stat Plan Inference
143:1583-1589
[72] Xu G., Zhang J., and Tang Y. (2014). Level permutation method for constructing uniform designs under the
wrap-around ????2-discrepancy. J Complex 30:46-53
[73] TangY.,andXuH.(2014).Permutingregularfractionalfactorialdesignsforscreeningquantitativefactors.Biometrika
101(2):333-350
[74] TangY.,andXuH.(2014).Permutingregularfractionalfactorialdesignsforscreeningquantitativefactors.Biometrika
101(2):333-350
[75] Chen W., Qi Z.F., and Zhou Y.D. (2015). Constructing uniform designs under mixture discrepancy. Stat Probab Lett
97:76-82
[76] ElsawahA.M.,FangK.T.,andKeX.(2021).Newrecommendeddesignsforscreeningeitherqualitativeorquantitative
factors. Stat Pap 62(1): 267-307.
[77] Lam C., and Tonchev V.D. (1996). Classification of affine resolvable 2 − (27,9,4) designs. J Statist Plan Infer
56:187-202
[78] Chen J., Sun D.X. and Wu C.F.J. (1993). A catalogue of two-level and three-level fractional factorial designs with
small runs. Int Statist Rev 61:131-135
[79] Evangelaras H., Koukouvinos C., Dean A.M., and Dingus C.A. (2005). Projection properties of certain three level
orthogonal arrays. Metrika 62:241-257
[80] Xu H. (2005). A catalogue of three-level regular fractional factorial designs. Metrika 62:259-281
[81] Zhou Y.D., and Xu H. (2014). Space-filling fractional factorial designs. J Am Stat Assoc 109(507):1134-1144
[82] Yang X., Yang G.J., and Su Y.J. (2019). Lower bound of average centered ????2-discrepancy for ????-type designs.
Commun Stat Theo Meth 48(4): 995-1008
[83] Elsawah A.M. (2020). Building some bridges among various experimental designs. J Korean Stat Soc 49:55-81
[84] Elsawah A.M., Tang Y., and Fang K.T. (2019). Constructing optimal projection designs. Statistics 53(6):1357-1385
[85] WengL.C., ElsawahA.M., andFangK.T.(2021).Cross-entropy loss for recommending efficient fold-over technique.
J Syst Sci Complex 34: 402-439.
[86] Ji Y. B., Alaerts G., Xu C. J.,Hu Y. Z., and Heyden Y. V. (2006). Sequential uniform designs for fingerprints
development of Ginkgo biloba extracts by capillary electrophoresis. J. Chromatography A 1128:273-281
[87] Tong C. (2006). Refinement strategies for stratified sampling methods. Reliability Engineering and System Safety
91:1257-1265
[88] Durrieu G., and L Briollais. (2009). Sequential design for microarray experiments. J Amer Statist Association
104:650-660
[89] Loeppky J.L., Moore L.M., and Williams B.J. (2010). Batch sequential designs for computer experiments. J Statist
Plann and Inference 140:1452-1464
[90] Cheong K.T.W., Htay K., Tan R.H.C., and Lim M. (2012). Identifying combinatorial growth inhibitory effects of
various plant extracts on leukemia cells through systematic experimental design. Amer J Plant Sci 3:1390-1398
[91] Lu H.M., Ni W.D., Liang W.D., and Man R.L. (2006). Supercritical ????????2 extraction of emodin and physcion from
Polygonum cuspidatum and subsequent isolation by semipreparative chromatography. J Sep Sci 29:2136–2142
[92] Elsawah A.M., and Qin H. (2015c). A new strategy for optimal foldover two-level designs. Statist Probab Lett
103:116-126
[93] Yang F., Zhou Y.D. and Zhang X.R. (2017). Augmented uniform designs. J Statist Plann Inference 182:61-73
[94] Box G.E.P., and Hunter J.S. (1961). 2????−???? fractional factorial designs. Technometrics 3(311-351):449-458
[95] Box G.E.P., Hunter W.G., and Hunter J.S. (1978). Statistics for experimenters. New York, John Wiley and Sons
[96] WuC.F.J. andHamadaM.(2000).Experiments: Planning, Analysis and Parameter Design Optimization. Wiley, New
York
[97] Montgomery D.C. (2001). Design and analysis of experiments, 5th edn. Wiley, New York
[98] Montgomery D.C. and Runger G.C. (1996). Foldovers of 2????−???? resolution IV experimental designs. J Quality
Technology 28(4):446-450
[99] Miller A. and Sitter R.R. (2005). Using folded-over nonorthogonal designs. Technometrics 47(4):502-513
[100] Li H., and Mee R.W. (2002). Better foldover fractions for resolution III 2????−???? designs. Technometrics 44:278-283
[101] Li W. and Lin D.K.J. (2003). Optimal foldover plans for two-level fractional factorial designs. Technometrics
45(2):142-149
[102] Li W., Lin D.K.J., and Ye K.Q. (2003). Optimal foldover plans for non-regular orthogonal designs. Technometrics
45(4):347-351
[103] Ye K., and Li W. (2003), Some properties for blocked and unblocked foldovers of 2????−???? designs. Stat Sin13:403-408.
[104] Fang K.T., Lin D.K.J. and Qin H. (2003). A note on optimal foldover design. Statist Probab Lett 62(3):245-250
[105] Lei Y.J., Qin H., and Zou N. (2010). Some lower bounds of centered ????2-discrepancy on foldover designs. Acta Math
Sci 30A(6):1555-1561
[106] Ou Z.J., Chatterjee K. and Qin H. (2011). Lower bounds of various discrepancies on combined designs. Metrika
74: 109-119
[107] Chatterjee K., Qin H., and Zou N. (2012). Lee discrepancy on two and three mixed level factorials. Sci China 55
(3):663-670
[108] Elsawah A.M., and Qin H. (2017). A new look on optimal foldover plans in terms of uniformity criteria. Commun
Stat Theory Meth 46 (4):1621–1635
[109] Ou Z.J., Qin H., and Cai X. (2015). Optimal foldover plans of three level designs with minimum wrap-around
????2-discrepancy. Sci China Math 58:1537-1548
[110] Elsawah A.M. (2017). A closer look at de-aliasing effects using an efficient foldover technique. Statistics
51(3):532-557
[111] Elsawah A.M., and Fang K.T. (2019). A catalog of optimal foldover plans for constructing U-uniform minimum
aberration four-level combined designs. J Applied Statist 46(7): 1288-1322
[112] Phadke M.S. 1986. Design optimization case studies. AT & T Technical Journal 65:51-68
[113] Ou Z.J., Qin H., and Cai X. (2014). A lower bound for the wrap-around ????2-discrepancy on combined designs of
mixed two- and three-level factorials. Communi. Statist. Theory Methods 43:2274-85
[114] Bettonvil, B. , and Kleijnen J.P.C. (1996). Searching for important factors in simulation models with many factors:
Sequential bifurcation. European J Oper Res 96:180-194
[115] Kleijnen J.P.C., Ham G.V., and Rotmans J. (1992). Techniques for sensitivity analysis of simulation models: A case
study of the ????????2 greenhouse effect. Simulation 58 (6):410-417
[116] Kleijnen J.P.C., Bettonvil B., and Persson F. (2006). Screening for the important factors in large discrete-event
simulation: sequential bifurcation and its applications, in: A. Dean, S. Lewis (Eds.), Screening methods for
experimentation in industry, drug discovery, and genetics. Springer-Verlag., New York pp. 287–307
[117] MorrisM.D.(1991).Factorialsamplingplansforpreliminarycomputationalexperiments.Technometrics33:161174
[118] Elsawah A.M. (2021). Multiple doubling: a simple effective construction technique for optimal two-level
experimental designs. Stat Pap 62(6):2923-2967
[119] Plackett R.L., and Burman J.P. (1946). The design of optimum multifactorial experiments. Biometrika 33: 305-325
[120] ChenH.andChengC.S.(2006).Doublingandprojection: Amethodofconstructing two-level designs of resolution
IV. Ann Statist 34: 546-558
[121] Xu H., and Cheng C.S. (2008). A complementary design theory for doubling. Ann Stat 36:445-457
[122] Lei Y.J., and Qin H. (2014). Uniformity in double design. Acta Math Appl Sin 30(3):773-780
[123] Zou N., and Qin H. (2017). Some properties of double designs in terms of Lee discrepancy. Acta Math Sci
37B(2):477-487
[124] Elsawah A.M. (2021). An appealing technique for designing optimal large experiments with three-level factors. J
Comput Appl Math 384:113164
[125] Li H., and Qin H. (2018). Some new results on triple designs. Statist Probab Lett 139: 1-9 [28]
[126] Elsawah A.M. (2022). Improving the space-filling behavior of multiple triple designs. Comp Appl Math 41:180
[127] Elsawah A.M. (2022). Designing optimal large four-level experiments: A new technique without recourse to
optimization softwares. Commun Math Stat 10:623-652
[128] Li H., and Qin H. (2020). Quadrupling: construction of uniform designs with large run sizes. Metrika 83:527-544
[129] Elsawah A.M.(2024). Level permutations and factor projections of multiple quadruple designs. Commun Stat Simul
Comput 53(10), 4893-4920,
[130] Elsawah A.M., and Vishwakarma G.K. (2022). A systematic construction approach for non-regular fractional
factorial four-level designs via quaternary linear codes. Comp Appl Math 41:323
[131] ElsawahA.M.,WangY.A.,CelemS.M.,andQinH.(2023).Anoveltechniqueforconstructingnonregularnine-level
designs: Adjusted multiple tripling technique. J Comp Appl Math 424:115016
[132] ElsawahA.M.(2024).Anovelcodingschemeforgeneratingsixteen codes from quaternary codes with applications.
Comp Appl Math 43(3): 118
[133] Elsawah A.M. (2022). A novel non-heuristic search technique for constructing uniform designs with a mixture of
two- and four-level factors: a simple industrial applicable approach. J Korean Stat Soc 51:716-757
[134] Elsawah A.M. (2023). A novel hybrid algorithm for designing mixed three-and nine-level experiments without
modeling assumptions. Commun Stat Simul Comput 54(4):1003-1037
[135] Elsawah A.M. (2024). A novel low complexity fast technique for effectively designing mixed-level experiment.
Commun Stat Simul Comput 53(1): 315-343
[136] Elsawah A.M. (2024). A novel doubling-tripling-threshold accepting hybrid algorithm for constructing asymmetric
space-filling designs. J Korean Stat Soc 53:1–41
[137] ElsawahA.M.(2022).Noveltechniquesforperformingsuccessfulfollow-upexperimentsbasedonpriorinformation
from initial-stage experiments. Statistics 56(5):1133-1165
[138] Elsawah A.M., Laala, B., Abdel-Hamid A.H., and Qin H. (2026). Construction of uniform designs for
high-dimensional screening via an adjusted multiple quadrupling algorithm. Commun Stat Simul Comput
55(1):195-220
[139] Ke X., Fang, K.T., Elsawah A. M., and Lin Y. (2023). New non-isomorphic detection methods for orthogonal
designs. Commun Stat Simul Comput 52(1):27-42
[140] Weng L.C., Fang K.T., and Elsawah, A.M. (2023). Degree of isomorphism: A novel criterion for identifying and
classifying orthogonal designs. Stat Pap 64:93–116
[141] Elsawah A.M. and Gong Y. (2023). A new non-iterative deterministic algorithm for constructing asymptotically
orthogonal maximin distance Latin hypercube designs. J Korean Stat Soc 52(3):621-646
[142] Elsawah A.M. (2026). Constructing orthogonal maximin distance uniform projection designs for computer
experiments. J Comput Appl Math 473:116902
[143] Zhang A., and Li H. (2017). UniDOE: An R package for constructing uniform design of experiments via stochastic
and adaptive threshold accepting algorithm. Technical Report
[144] Lai J., Fang K.T., Peng X. and Lin Y. 2024. Constructio
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Mathematical Applications and Statistical Rigor (MASR)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Mathematical Applications and Statistical Rigor (MASR) content is published under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CCBY). This means that content is freely available to all readers upon publication, and content is published as soon as production is complete.
Mathematical Applications and Statistical Rigor (MASR) seeks to publish the most influential papers that will significantly advance scientific understanding. Selected articles must present new and widely significant data, syntheses, or concepts. They should merit recognition by the wider scientific community and the general public through publication in a reputable scientific journal.




